Tiny machine apes production line

11 January 2013 Last updated at 06:40 ET By Jonathan Amos Science correspondent, BBC News

Manchester scientists have developed a tiny molecular machine that mirrors the function of the ribosome, which builds the proteins in our body's cells.

Just a few millionths of a millimetre in size, the minute machine resembles a ring threaded on a rod.

As this ring moves along the rod, it picks chemical units and assembles them into chains, just as ribosomes join up the building blocks of proteins.

The ultimate goal is to synthesize new drug molecules or new types of plastic.

"Just as robots are used to assemble cars in factories in the big world, one day we hope we will be able to use artificial machines like these in molecular factories to construct new things with great efficiency," said Prof David Leigh FRS from the school of chemistry at Manchester University, UK.

"Ribosomes make proteins, which are just one type of polymer used by nature. In fact, all of biology is based on just four sorts of so-called information polymers - proteins, DNA, RNA and also carbohydrates.

"But with our artificial machines, we're not limited by the same building blocks of nature. So, we should be able to make new materials with other types of building blocks - new types of plastics, new types of catalysts, pharmaceuticals and so on," he told the BBC World Service Science In Action programme.

A scholarly paper in this week's Science Magazine carries details of the research.

The ribosome is one of nature's true marvels. This giant molecule concerns itself with the business of translating and acting on our genetic code.

That code, held in the cell's DNA, is delivered to the ribosome by the "messenger" molecule RNA.

The ribosome reads the code and assembles long polymer chains out of amino acids. These chains then fold to form proteins, and it is the proteins that go on to build and maintain our bodies.

An artificial ribosome, like the one developed in Manchester, functions in a similar way.

The machine's chemical structure is based on a rotaxane, a molecular ring threaded on to a rod. A "reactive arm" is attached to the ring and works its way down the rod, removing and stacking the amino acid units bound to the rod.

A key point is that the sequence for a new polymer chain comes from the scientists. It is controlled by the chemical groups placed along the rod structure.

"The degree of control we have in this is exquisite," said Prof Leigh.

At the moment, the team is only producing small molecules, or peptides, that comprise chains of just a few units in length. This will have to be scaled up to the many tens of units achieved by ribosomes.

But just as insulin for diabetics today is produced in vast vats by engineered microbes, so in the future the Manchester team envisages containers carrying millions upon millions of their artificial machines all churning out the programmed molecules.

"Even though each machine is producing one molecule at a time, if you have a million, million, million of them, all acting to produce the same molecule, then you can produce qualities of the molecule that you can see in a reasonable period of time," said Prof Leigh.

Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20987065#sa-ns_mchannel=rss&ns_source=PublicRSS20-sa

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Williams: Hold debt limit, keep rights to guns

January 10, 2013, 9:00 pm by James Walker

Roger Williams assured Burnet County supporters he will stand strong against raising the country?s debt limit and in favor of the rights of gun owners Thursday in a local stop on his first tour of the 25^thCongressional District since taking office Jan. 3.

"I?m not going to be voting to raise the debt ceiling,? Williams told a gathering of supporters at Burnet?s Tea-Licious restaurant.

He then followed with an assurance to anyone concerned about congressional attempts to limit or restrict gun ownership in the wake of the recent massacre of 20 elementary school children in Newtown, Conn.

"Don?t worry about Roger voting against gun ownership,? Williams said. "I?m not wavering on that. The second amendment is probably the most important amendment.?

The second amendment gives citizens the right to keep and bear arms.

The looming fight over whether to raise the limit on the country?s borrowing power and the push to combat growing gun violence by limiting or prohibiting ownership of certain high-powered assault weapons are two of the hottest issues facing Congress and the Obama Administration.

Williams, a Weatherford businessman and car dealership owner, was elected to represent District 25 Nov. 6 after surviving a 12-person primary race and then a runoff to win the Republican nomination.

For more of this story, see Friday's Highlander.

Source: http://www.burnetbulletin.com/news_article.php?article_id=3994

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Afghan troop levels top agenda in Obama-Karzai talks

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Barack Obama and Afghan President Hamid Karzai began a crucial round of talks on Friday that are expected to help determine how fast the United States withdraws troops from Afghanistan and whether it leaves a residual force after 2014.

Hosting Karzai at the White House, Obama faces the challenge of pressing ahead with his re-election pledge to continue winding down the long war in Afghanistan while preparing the Afghan government to prevent a slide back into chaos and a Taliban resurgence once most NATO forces are gone.

Karzai's visit, which follows a year of growing strains in U.S.-Afghan ties, comes amid stepped-up deliberations in Washington over the size and scope of the U.S. military role in Afghanistan once the NATO-led combat mission concludes at the end of next year.

White House officials have left open the possibility of a complete U.S. withdrawal after 2014 - as happened in Iraq in 2011 - an option that conflicts with the Pentagon's view that thousands of troops will be needed to bolster and train still-fragile Afghan security forces.

But talk of this "zero option" may actually be a gambit to squeeze concessions from Karzai, who has yet to agree on immunity from prosecution for any U.S. forces that stay behind under a bilateral security pact being negotiated. It could also send a message to the Pentagon to scale back expectations of future troop levels.

The White House believes Obama and Karzai, despite a history of sometimes tense relations, can narrow their differences in the closed-door meetings in Washington. But Obama aides expect no breakthroughs or concrete conclusions and say it will be months before Obama decides how many troops - if any - he wants to keep in Afghanistan.

U.S. officials have said privately that the White House is asking for options to be developed for keeping between 3,000 and 9,000 troops in the country. General John Allen, the top U.S. and NATO commander in Afghanistan, had initially suggested that as many as 15,000 troops should remain - a number Obama would likely have a hard time selling to a war-weary American public.

With some 66,000 U.S. troops currently in Afghanistan, Obama is also deciding on the pace of this year's troop reductions. NATO allies are also steadily reducing troop numbers and Afghan forces are due to take the lead role in security across the country in 2013. However, doubts remain about their ability to shoulder full responsibility.

"WAR OF NECESSITY"

Obama once called Afghanistan a "war of necessity," but he is heading into a second term looking for an orderly way out of the conflict, which was sparked by the September 11, 2001 attacks by al Qaeda on the United States.

Former Senator Chuck Hagel, Obama's nominee to become defense secretary, is likely to favor a sizable troop reduction.

Deliberations between Obama and his aides on winding down the unpopular war will have to compete with other priorities dominating his agenda, including the next round of U.S. fiscal showdowns and an intensifying push for gun-control measures.

Many of Obama's Republican opponents have criticized him for setting a timetable for withdrawal from Afghanistan and accuse him of undercutting the U.S. mission by reducing the size of the U.S. force there too quickly.

Karzai, wearing green and purple robes, said nothing to reporters as he stepped out of a black limousine and entered the West Wing of the White House to start his talks with Obama.

The Oval Office encounter - together with a working lunch with Obama, followed by a joint news conference at 1:15 p.m. EST (1815 GMT)- caps a series of meetings this week with Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and top lawmakers.

"After a long and difficult past, we finally are, I believe, at the last chapter of establishing ... a sovereign Afghanistan that can govern and secure itself for the future," Panetta told Karzai at the Pentagon on Thursday.

Panetta said both sides were committed to the goals approved at the NATO summit in Chicago in May, which calls for a continuing effort by Western nations to train, advise and assist Afghan forces, while pursuing a gradual pullout of foreign combat troops by the end of 2014.

Also on the agenda for the Obama-Karzai talks are tentative reconciliation efforts involving Taliban insurgents. Those efforts have shown flickers of life after nearly 10 months of limbo.

Karzai and his U.S. partners have not always seen eye to eye, even though the American military has been seen as crucial to securing his tenure from insurgents' attempts to oust him.

In October, Karzai accused the United States of playing a double game by fighting the war in Afghan villages instead of going after those in neighboring Pakistan who support insurgents.

Adding to tensions has been a rash of deadly "insider" attacks by Afghan soldiers and police against NATO-led troops training or working with them. U.S. forces have also been involved in a series of incidents that enraged Afghans, including burning Korans, which touched off days of rioting.

(Additional reporting by David Alexander and Warren Strobel; Editing by David Brunnstrom)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/afghan-troop-levels-top-agenda-obama-karzai-talks-153709781.html

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Mayor's Race: Eric Garcetti Edges Wendy Greuel In Chase For Campaign Cash

Eric Garcetti has expanded his narrow lead over mayoral rival Wendy Greuel in the race for campaign cash.

According to campaign filings released this evening, Garcetti raised $727,000 last quarter, beating out Greuel, who raised $672,000.

Garcetti also has more money on hand, with $3.6 million in the bank to Greuel's $3.3 million.

Councilwoman Jan Perry, who has battled the perception that she is an underdog, trailed with $157,000 raised last quarter and $1.3 million in the bank.

In a statement, the Garcetti's campaign boasted that they have the momentum with two months left before the March 5 primary. "This will be one of the most expensive races in LA history, so we must keep raising money and getting out the vote every day until Election Day, and we will," said strategist Bill Carrick.

Greuel's campaign touted her grassroots support from all parts of the city.

"I will be a mayor for all of L.A. so no part of the city is left behind, and today's fundraising report is an emphatic signal that Angelenos are ready for a leader with the experience to get the city working again," Greuel said in a press release.

Including public matching funds, Garcetti has raised $4,275,000 overall, about $133,000 more than Greuel.

Meanwhile, Emanuel Pleitez announced he had raised $102,000 last quarter, bringing his total for the campaign to $213,000. Kevin James' campaign spokesman said he would release the campaign's numbers on Friday.

Update 1: Greuel's strategist, John Shallman, puts his spin on things:

"We expected Councilman Garcetti would be much higher than this given the fact that he held the City's purse strings as President of the Council. Other than being the incumbent Mayor, there is probably no better job to leverage donors."

Update 2: Kevin James raised $42,000 last quarter. He has raised $317,000 total, not counting matching funds. He has $90,000 in the bank.

Source: http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2013/01/garcetti_greuel_fundraising.php

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Douglas Trumbull On High Frame Rate Filmmaking - Film Directing ...

by Doug Trumball.

Visual effects legend?Douglas Trumbull writes exclusively about why he is developing high frame rate filmmaking technology that will give cinema audiences an experience they simply can?t get anywhere else.

As a result of cinema?s transition from celluloid film to digital data, a number of recent developments in the movie industry are providing tremendous opportunities. Ever since working on 2001: A Space Odyssey in Cinerama 70mm, which was shown on deeply curved 90 foot wide screens, I have remained interested in ?immersive cinema?.

In the 1980?s, I made a major effort to bring the Showscan 60 frame per second (fps) 70mm giant screen process to the industry via my film Brainstorm, but to no avail; this was mostly due to excessive cost for film stock and prints as well as requiring new projectors.

Now there is a lot of buzz about 3D and higher frame rates (HFR), yet few people seem to have a comprehensive understanding of how to move the industry into the 21st century, while taking advantage of the low cost of data and the fact that today?s digital projectors are already running at 144fps.

Read the rest of this article from Moviescope Mag.

Sign up now for your own FREE monthly subscription to ?The Director?s Chair? filmmaking ezine and get the first 30 pages of my 238 page Film Directing Multi-Media Online course, ?The Art and Craft of the Director Audio Seminar.?

Tagged as: Douglas Trumball, visual effects

Source: http://filmdirectingtips.com/archives/7729

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Mad Mack: Three Terrible Things About Gaming In 2012 : FMV ...

Mad Mack: Three Terrible Things About Gaming In 2012

Posted by Mark Butler on Monday, December 17, 2012 ? 4 Comments?

There have been some truly great goings-on in video games this year ? but there have also been plenty of loathsome trends and developments too. Armed with his usual blend of dark humour and very strong language, disgruntled gamer Dave ?Mack? McConkey takes furious aim at the things that have riled him the most.

So here we are. The end of yet another year. And what a year it has been, full of wonder and innovation, with gaming seemingly?going from strength to strength. Games have been released that are the kinds of experiences you?could only?fantasise about?as a kid playing Duck Hunt. Whole worlds, lovingly and beautifully rendered, are now yours to explore and inhabit. The image of the solo gamer locked away with little human contact has been driven further into obscurity, and is now replaced by acceptance of gaming as a social activity ? with the WiiVerse being the most recent development in social gaming.

There have been many highlights throughout the year. For one, XCOM?s success showed that you can take a beloved, older game, and update it to suit the tastes of the modern gamer without losing the appeal or core feel of the original.

Did you hear that EA? DID YOU?!

DayZ, my personal Game of the Year (and yes it IS a fucking game in its own right ? pulling me up for it being a mod for Arma 2 and therefore not eligible for GOTY status is like calling chess a variation of draughts because they are played on the same board), allowed you to recapture that simple childhood joy of going to the beach and meticulously building a sand fort over the course of several hours, only for some script-running cunt in a 4?4 to come flying in, kick over the sand fort, slap you about the face with his cock, and then ride off into the sunset to wreck someone else?s fun anew. That standalone had best get a wiggle on.

Mass Effect 3 was a pretty good finale to the trilogy (the actual shitty ending notwithstanding); indie gaming continued to impress, buoyed in some considerable part by kickstarter kicking off (see what I did there?); and Spec Ops: The Line decided that instead of being a really generic ?realistic? shooter, it was going to be fucking brilliant.

But of course, this year has not been all good times and cheer. In fact, rather than being representative of gaming as a whole in 2012, the examples I mentioned above are more like shiny diamonds glittering in the fetid waters of mediocrity, repetitiveness and exploitation.

And this. Never forget.

?Oh come on,? I hear you cry. ?It isn?t that bad. Stop your whining and enjoy the veritable cornucopia of delights that are laid before your feet.? To which I reply ?Oh really? Well then, how do you explain???

?

All the DLC

I have banged the drum on this topic more than once, but I am going to keep banging it until someone out there listens, and publishers stop looking at gamers like we are fatted calves they can mine for endless money a piece at a time (don?t look too much into that analogy, just go with it).

Like this...maybe?

First, a confession. My name is David McConkey, and I bought the Battlefield 3 Premium Pass. At the time I did not realise that I would stop playing BF3 about a week after I bought the damn thing, and I figured that I had given about 200 hours to BF3 so it was not a full waste of money. But it was. It really, really was.

The whole problem with these season passes is that you are putting money into the hands of publishers for content that does not even exist yet. Where is the incentive for EA to release top quality maps in the add-on packs when 90% of the total DLC revenue will be generated in the first month of the premium passes going on sale? There isn?t one. Not really. So you end up being shilled into paying for content before anyone has even tried it out. AND let?s not forget that a few months after the last BF3 DLC is released, BF4 is due to hit the shops. Let me ask you something ? do you think it is in EA?s best interest to save all the really good maps and content they have developed and put it in the new game, or give it all to a dwindling player base and force them to develop more top quality content for the new game?

"And then I said: 'Of course we care about our fans!'"

Yeah, thought so.

For large online multiplayer games, DLC passes can work. Just because I didn?t get value out of it does not mean that someone won?t. However, it is the spread of these passes that is the scariest thing. I know that Modern Warfare 3 really kicked things off in 2011 with their Elite packs, but they are just going to become more and more common. Darksiders 2 had something similar, and I?m pretty sure the only reason Microsoft didn?t include something like it for Halo 4 is because they are piling all their vast resources into making sure players get on board with the new trilogy and developer team. It gives Halo an edge over the competition, but if they don?t start edging in subscription gaming to their next Halo games, then I will eat a dick.

Preferably spotted...

Other game franchises, some that are completely unsuited for this sort of approach, are beginning to adopt the ?Season Pass? model for maximising the monetisation of each gamer during the early, heady post-launch days when the game is getting the most play. This is a trend that I can only see continuing into the future, until you will become used to paying for a game in the shop and then paying the same again just to access the game content. And we can all look back to 2012 as the year it all began. This, ladies and gentlemen, is our Phantom Menace, and season passes are our Jar Jar Binks. Yeah, think about that.

?

Franchises. Fucking Franchises

When you think of Valve and Blizzard, what do they have in common? Huge fan bases? Vast sums of money?? Top quality games and IPs? Sometimes ridiculous game development cycles? All of the above? I am going to make an argument here ? they are the royal family of 21^st Century gaming, and Gabe Newell is the King.

Hail to the King, baby...

And the reason they are the Royal Family is because it seems like they can?t take a dump without spraying our faces with genre defining and rule-breaking flecks of genius. Every game they release is just great. It builds on the last but changes it. They do not rest on their laurels, but rather they see the works they have created and they say ?wow, that was good, and people like it, but technology is always improving, so let?s make sure that we improve our games with it.

Now let?s try something else. When you think of Treyarch, Ubisoft and Nintendo, what do you think of? For me, I think ?palette swap?.

Like so. Only with less iconic character creation.

First, Treyarch. They released COD: Black Ops 2 this year, and, at the time of writing, it is sitting comfortably in the top chart position, where it has remained since launch. It has broken the sales records set by its predecessors and has generated a mountain of cash for Treyarch and Activision. And I just cannot figure out why. To me it seems that the COD games since the launch of MW2 are little more than variations of the same theme, and in a just universe would be considered little more than add-on packs or palette swaps of each other.? But no, this isn?t a just universe, is it? So somehow, every year Activision get to release the same game and every year it breaks previous records. You know what COD has turned into? FIFA. Or Madden if you are an American. That is where we are at. Release the same game every year and watch the monies pile up.

While we are on that topic, can someone please explain to me how Ubisoft have managed to release a completely new Assassin?s Creed game every year since 2009? Please? I want to know. I personally thought the first game was dog-shit awful, but the follow up in 2009 improved on every single aspect of the original in all the ways a true sequel should. Then, I take my eyes off the ball for a second and suddenly we are on Assassin?s Creed 3, but between 2 and 3 there have been a couple of other full games, and five (yes, FIVE!!!) mobile titles. I am sure the games I missed are good, but do I now have 60 hours to dedicate to get from where I am at the end of ACII to the end of ACIII via Brotherhood and Revelations (that is assuming a generous 20 hours per game, which is probably barely enough to get through the campaigns, let alone all the crypts and relics and other McGuffins)? It just seems to me that they have churned out a huge quivering, sticky pile of games without really advancing the gameplay any.

Also, they claim Altair was some great assassin. But he was just really boring and water soluble.

I don?t really know anymore. How is it that games publishers can release the same game every year and people still go fucking crazy for it? Are attention spans really that short? Come on publishers. Look at what Valve and Blizzard are doing and take a leaf out of their book. You are at the point where you are just churning out unoriginal and uninspiring content at a fantastic rate. Take a step back and try to reach for better things, not just appeal to whatever base denominator you have found to be a cash cow. And gamers, I really cannot stress this enough. Stop. Fucking. Buying. Them.

Oh, and since we are talking about gamers?.

?

The PC Gaming Community (or, more specifically, PC Gamers)*

This year I joined the ranks of PC gamers by sorting myself out with a half decent rig that should see me happily gaming on the highest settings for at least, ooo I dunno, a month?? Two maybe? Things move awful fast in the world of PC gaming so it is really hard to call. Whatever, it means that for the first time I have this whole other world opened to me. I set up, wide eyed and excited, looking forward to joining in with my fellow PC gamers as we explored hitherto undreamt of frontiers that lie far beyond the earthly designs of mere console players. Truly for me, this was the Dawning of the Age of Aquarius. Until, that is, I actually interacted with some PC gamers.

It was on the internet, so I probably should have known better...

I am not going to pull my punches here. PC gamers seem to think that because they can afford to pay for (or more likely, their parents can pay for) either a gaming rig, or the components to a gaming rig (neither being cheap options) and are able to use Steam to run their games for them, then their shit doesn?t stink. They have this idea that playing games on a PC makes them better than the (quote) ?retard console fags? that make up the majority of the gaming public. There is this idea of superiority over others that stems entirely from the fact that playing games on a PC is marginally more complicated and difficult than playing them on a console. Well, I have a bit of news for you chief: playing PC games doesn?t make you fucking Rainman. It just means that you have to spend a little bit more time setting up and then running the game, and as a reward you have better graphics and can play larger games. That. Is. All.

Not you. And not PC gaming.

I could not believe the levels of abuse that PC gamers seemed to want to heap onto anyone who would dare question the superiority and majesty of PC gaming. And heaven forbid that you dare suggest that consoles have some advantages over PCs, especially in the area of convenience and ease of use. You will be told to fuck off back to your Xbox like the little bitch you are, because you are obviously too fucking retarded to understand how PC gaming works. No, you will not get a well-reasoned ?I see what you mean, but on balance PC gaming has got to be the preferred format?, nor will anyone even offer a sound rebuttal to your argument. No, you will simply get abuse for daring to suggest that PCs are anything less than Holy.

PC Gamers, or at least a significant vocal percentage, are arrogant, self-absorbed, elitist thunder-cunts that absolutely love to smell their own smug farts. Or, to put it another way, they are even worse than the most insufferable Xbox Live COD-playing, rage-quitting, racist teenager. They are worse because they should know better.

When I joined the ranks of PC gamers, I expected a fraternity. What I have seen since is as bad as any other gaming community, only worse, because PC gamers are ? in general ? held in higher esteem than most others. They scoff at how pathetic and immature XBL rage gamers are, and they pretend that such behaviour is far beneath them; but in reality this pretense of maturity is actually just a thick, glutinous layer of arrogance and bigotry.

PC Gamers. Be better. Be better than the worst console gamers. Remind me that there is good in the world. Restore my faith that there are people out there who have not lost sight of what is most important. PC games are just so fucking cheap on Steam and the graphics are wonderful and I can go from viewing a whole battlefield and zoom in close enough to see individual blades of grass and there are SO many strategy games and?and they are just so fucking awesome! PCs are fucking great. You should be too. Otherwise you sound worse than this:

So there we are. This is how I will remember gaming in 2012. I will remember some good, but I will remember infinitely more bad. And so, as we come to the close of yet another depressing year in gaming, I leave you with my one, final thought: the world is one year closer to its?inevitable end?-?and that makes me glad.

?

(*this is based on my interaction with a small subsection of the PC gaming community; it reflects on my personal experiences, and may therefore not be representative of the community as a whole)

Related posts:

1. Mad Mack: 4 Terrible Things About PC Gaming
2. Mad Mack: 2012 Is The Year Gaming Changed Forever ? Here?s 7 Reasons Why
3. Mad Mack: Games Of 2012 That Might Not Suck
4. Mad Mack: Eighteen Moments That Defined My Gaming Life
5. Mad Mack: Ninja Castles, Giant Arcades And Shattered Myths ? A Gamer?s Trip To Japan

Filed under Features, Front Page, Video Games ? Tagged with Assassin's Creed, Battlefield 3, COD, Dave McConkey, DayZ, DLC, Mad Mack, Mass Effect 3, PC

Source: http://www.fmvmagazine.com/?p=13860&utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=mad-mack-three-terrible-things-about-gaming-in-2012

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ygandafile: Holiday Gift Ideas to Help Bowhunters Be Safe and ...

It can be tough getting that special bowhunter just the right Christmas present. However, gift ideas from the National Bowhunter Education Foundation may please the most discerning stick and string enthusiast.

Because bowhunters are known to roam the backcountry, a survival reference guide is a must have item. The Skills of the Survivor DVD and the Surviving a Wilderness Emergency book features advice from one of the most widely recognized authorities on survival, Peter Kummerfeldt.

Make this gift set complete by adding the NBEF?s survival kit, which contains the basic tools sportsmen and women need to survive and be rescued if they find themselves in an emergency situation.
For the nostalgia buffs, the NBEF offers Legendary Hunts of Ben Pearson on DVD. Historic vintage footage dating back to the 1930s and ?40s showcases Pearson duck hunting with a bow and other incredible hunts. After the hustle and bustle of the holidays, bowhunters may want to relax by watching the video Primal Dreams, which presents the beauty of the outdoors underlined by a subtle hunting message. Primal Dreams is available on DVD, making it a perfect stocking stuffer.

In addition to these gift ideas, the NBEF also offers items such as Havalon knives and other commemorative knives and belt buckles. Visit NBEF.org to find great gift ideas for bowhunters.

Read and join the discussion on Holiday Gift Ideas to Help Bowhunters Be Safe and Successful at OutdoorHub.com.

Source: http://www.hunteroutlet.com/2012/12/holiday-gift-ideas-to-help-bowhunters-be-safe-and-successful/

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Source: http://ygandafile.blogspot.com/2012/12/holiday-gift-ideas-to-help-bowhunters.html

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Source: http://eric312379.typepad.com/blog/2012/12/ygandafile-holiday-gift-ideas-to-help-bowhunters-be-safe-and.html

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